We examined the connection between dietary magnesium and cardiovascular disease, focusing on how magnesium intake or serum levels relate to heart health. Over the last couple of decades, numerous studies have shown that low magnesium levels are associated with several heart-related issues, including high blood pressure, heart attacks, and even heart failure.
Our insights reveal that even mild or moderate magnesium deficiencies can trigger physiological and metabolic changes that may heighten cardiovascular risks. When magnesium levels are insufficient, we see a rise in inflammation, oxidative stress, and issues with how fats are processed in the body, which can lead to serious heart problems.
Furthermore, we noted that many individuals often consume less magnesium than what is recommended, particularly those who do not regularly eat whole grains, legumes, or green vegetables. This widespread lack of magnesium is concerning, as it could be a significant factor influencing heart disease in the general population.
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9
Magnesium may help arterial health
Mitigation of arteriosclerosis through transcriptional regulation of ferroptosis and lipid metabolism by magnesium.
We investigated how magnesium impacts cardiovascular health, particularly its role in a condition known as arteriosclerosis. This disease can lead to serious heart complications, but recent studies revealed magnesium's potential benefits.
In a series of experiments involving human cells and animal models, we discovered that magnesium effectively reduces a process called ferroptosis, which is linked to the progression of arteriosclerosis. It appears that magnesium ions play a vital role by preventing certain proteins from breaking down. This action promotes the expression of protective proteins while reducing harmful components that contribute to the disease.
Notably, our animal tests highlighted that biodegradable magnesium stents not only hinder ferroptosis but also slow down the advancement of arteriosclerosis. This suggests that magnesium-based treatments could offer a promising avenue for combating cardiovascular diseases effectively.
Read More
8
Magnesium linked to cardiovascular health
Upper normal serum magnesium is associated with a reduction in incident death from fatal heart failure, coronary heart disease and stroke in non-dialysis patients with CKD stages 4 and 5.
We examined how magnesium levels in the blood could influence the risk of death from cardiovascular issues in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our study tracked 1,271 individuals with CKD stages 4 and 5 over a decade, focusing on those who had not previously experienced major heart-related events.
We discovered that higher serum magnesium concentrations were linked to lower risks of dying from conditions like heart failure, coronary heart disease, and stroke. By stratifying patients based on their magnesium levels, we found that those in the highest group experienced significantly better outcomes.
This suggests that maintaining adequate magnesium levels might be important for protecting cardiovascular health in these patients. While it’s just one piece of the puzzle, our findings highlight the potential benefits of magnesium as a factor worth considering in the management of cardiovascular risks.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
7.5
Improved heart health
43 people found this helpful
I have heart issues, sleep problems, and constant fatigue. This medication helps maintain bone density, regulates my heartbeat, and prevents cardiovascular disease. After the first dose, I slept soundly and felt refreshed. Irritability vanished instantly, boosting my concentration and productivity. I highly recommend it!
Read More
8
Supports heart function
3 people found this helpful
One capsule of this magnesium complex offers everything needed daily. It aids muscle function, nerve impulse transmission, and protects against cardiovascular disease. It combats fatigue and depression, and I recommend taking it with meals.
Read More
8
Eases muscle cramps
1 people found this helpful
Magnesium is vital for overall health, supporting the cardiovascular and nervous systems. It helps prevent muscle cramps when following a ketogenic diet. It aids relaxation, improves sleep, and combats fatigue due to overexertion.
We investigated how magnesium impacts cardiovascular health, particularly its role in a condition known as arteriosclerosis. This disease can lead to serious heart complications, but recent studies revealed magnesium's potential benefits.
In a series of experiments involving human cells and animal models, we discovered that magnesium effectively reduces a process called ferroptosis, which is linked to the progression of arteriosclerosis. It appears that magnesium ions play a vital role by preventing certain proteins from breaking down. This action promotes the expression of protective proteins while reducing harmful components that contribute to the disease.
Notably, our animal tests highlighted that biodegradable magnesium stents not only hinder ferroptosis but also slow down the advancement of arteriosclerosis. This suggests that magnesium-based treatments could offer a promising avenue for combating cardiovascular diseases effectively.
Read More
8
Magnesium linked to cardiovascular health
Upper normal serum magnesium is associated with a reduction in incident death from fatal heart failure, coronary heart disease and stroke in non-dialysis patients with CKD stages 4 and 5.
We examined how magnesium levels in the blood could influence the risk of death from cardiovascular issues in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our study tracked 1,271 individuals with CKD stages 4 and 5 over a decade, focusing on those who had not previously experienced major heart-related events.
We discovered that higher serum magnesium concentrations were linked to lower risks of dying from conditions like heart failure, coronary heart disease, and stroke. By stratifying patients based on their magnesium levels, we found that those in the highest group experienced significantly better outcomes.
This suggests that maintaining adequate magnesium levels might be important for protecting cardiovascular health in these patients. While it’s just one piece of the puzzle, our findings highlight the potential benefits of magnesium as a factor worth considering in the management of cardiovascular risks.
Read More
8
Magnesium linked to heart health
Models based on dietary nutrients predicting all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in people with diabetes.
We explored the connection between dietary magnesium intake and cardiovascular disease, particularly in people living with diabetes. This study analyzed data from a large group of over 5,000 individuals who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey over nearly two decades.
By utilizing advanced statistical methods, researchers identified key dietary factors that could predict long-term mortality risks. Notably, they found that higher intakes of dietary fiber and magnesium were associated with a decreased risk of both all-cause and cardiovascular-related deaths among people with diabetes. The analysis revealed a clear trend: as magnesium intake increased, the risk of cardiovascular mortality decreased.
The study suggests that incorporating more magnesium-rich foods could play a vital role in managing heart health for those with diabetes. By making informed dietary choices, individuals may enhance their longevity and reduce the risk of serious health complications.
Read More
8
Magnesium impacts blood sugar control
Serum magnesium, not calcium, is inversely associated with abnormal HbA1c concentrations in adults with coronary artery disease.
We explored the connections between magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and abnormal levels of HbA1c—a key marker for blood sugar management—in adults with coronary artery disease (CAD). Our research involved a substantial group of 11,934 patients, allowing us to gain valuable insights into how these minerals impact cardiovascular health.
Our findings reveal a noteworthy association: higher serum magnesium levels appear to be linked to lower HbA1c concentrations. Specifically, patients with higher magnesium levels showed a significant decrease in the likelihood of having abnormal HbA1c readings. In contrast, calcium levels did not demonstrate a similar beneficial effect; they were not associated with abnormal HbA1c levels at all.
Interestingly, we also noted that while magnesium correlates with better fasting blood glucose outcomes, higher calcium levels were actually associated with worse results. Additionally, our analysis indicated that inflammation, as gauged by a specific blood marker, didn't mediate the relationship between magnesium and HbA1c. This suggests that magnesium might play a direct role in blood sugar regulation, separate from inflammation's influence.
Overall, our study highlights magnesium's potential importance in managing blood sugar levels among individuals with heart disease, pointing to a promising area for future research and potential dietary considerations.
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8
Magnesium's impact on HFpEF mortality
Propensity score matched cohort study on magnesium supplementation and mortality in critically ill patients with HFpEF.
We explored how magnesium supplementation affects mortality rates in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), a subset of heart failure where treatment options are limited. The study analyzed data from the MIMIC-IV database, focusing on patients from 2008 to 2019. Using a technique called propensity score matching, we aimed to create a balanced comparison between those who received magnesium supplements and those who did not.
Our primary focus was on the 28-day all-cause mortality rate, along with secondary analyses of ICU stays, one-year mortality, and overall hospitalization duration. In total, we evaluated 1,970 patients, splitting them evenly between the magnesium and non-magnesium groups. The outcomes were striking: magnesium intake was associated with a significant reduction in mortality within the first 28 days, particularly benefiting older adults, women, and individuals with hypertension.
While magnesium supplementation showed promise in reducing mortality and also improved longer-term outcomes, we noted that it was linked to longer stays in both ICU and hospital settings. Interestingly, we found that blood urea nitrogen levels may play a role in mediating the relationship between magnesium intake and mortality, suggesting a more complex interaction at play.
This research highlights the potential of magnesium as a valuable treatment for those grappling with HFpEF, especially certain at-risk groups. As we consider these findings, further research is needed to explore magnesium's effects more thoroughly and understand its full implications for patient care.
I have heart issues, sleep problems, and constant fatigue. This medication helps maintain bone density, regulates my heartbeat, and prevents cardiovascular disease. After the first dose, I slept soundly and felt refreshed. Irritability vanished instantly, boosting my concentration and productivity. I highly recommend it!
Read More
8
Supports heart function
3 people found this helpful
One capsule of this magnesium complex offers everything needed daily. It aids muscle function, nerve impulse transmission, and protects against cardiovascular disease. It combats fatigue and depression, and I recommend taking it with meals.
Read More
8
Eases muscle cramps
1 people found this helpful
Magnesium is vital for overall health, supporting the cardiovascular and nervous systems. It helps prevent muscle cramps when following a ketogenic diet. It aids relaxation, improves sleep, and combats fatigue due to overexertion.
Read More
7.5
Fights fatigue
1 people found this helpful
Magnesium is an essential mineral, primarily found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in transmitting neuromuscular impulses. A deficiency can lead to increased fatigue. It combats seizures and protects the cardiovascular system. I find it extremely helpful and consume it regularly.
Read More
7.5
Calms nervous system
Magnesium is crucial for good health, supporting the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Since taking it, my nervous system has calmed down, and I only take one tablet daily. I highly recommend this mineral based on its beneficial effects.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a broad term that encompasses a range of heart and blood vessel disorders. This can include conditions such as coronary artery disease, which leads to heart attacks; cerebrovascular disease that results in strokes; and peripheral artery disease affecting blood flow to the limbs. The key risk factors for CVD often include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, and diabetes. By identifying and managing these risk factors, individuals can significantly reduce their likelihood of developing cardiovascular problems.
Prevention and treatment strategies often involve lifestyle modifications such as adopting a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, alongside engaging in regular physical activity. In some cases, medications might be necessary to control blood pressure or cholesterol levels. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are essential for monitoring heart health, especially for individuals with a family history of CVD. Understanding the signs and symptoms of cardiovascular issues—like chest pain, shortness of breath, or fatigue—can help in seeking timely medical attention, ultimately leading to better outcomes.
Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a lightweight, silvery-white metal that is a member of the alkaline earth metals group. Often classified as one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust, magnesium plays a crucial role in various biological functions and is essential for living organisms. In nature, magnesium can be found in large quantities, primarily in minerals such as dolomite and magnesite, and it is also present in seawater.
In terms of health benefits, magnesium is vital for numerous metabolic processes, including energy production, DNA synthesis, and muscle function. It contributes to bone health, helps regulate blood pressure, and supports bone formation by promoting the effects of vitamin D. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for magnesium varies by age and gender, but it is generally important to include magnesium-rich foods like leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and whole grains in your diet to ensure adequate intake. For those who may not receive enough magnesium through their diet alone, supplements are also available; however, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before starting any supplementation.
Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a significant role in various bodily functions, including heart health. Research has shown that adequate magnesium intake can help regulate blood pressure, maintain normal heart rhythms, and support overall cardiovascular function. Some studies suggest that higher magnesium levels may be associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, as magnesium helps to keep blood vessels dilated and can prevent harmful calcium buildup in arterial walls.
However, it’s important to note that while magnesium supplementation can be beneficial, it should not be seen as a standalone treatment for cardiovascular disease. A well-rounded approach that includes a balanced diet rich in magnesium (found in foods like leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and whole grains), regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight is essential for optimal heart health. As always, it is best to consult with a healthcare provider before making any substantial changes to your diet or supplement routine, especially if you have existing heart conditions or other health concerns.
Based on user reviews, the timeframe for seeing results from magnesium supplements for cardiovascular health can vary, but many users report noticeable improvements shortly after starting the supplement. For instance, one user mentioned experiencing better sleep and improved concentration immediately after the first dose Read Review. Others also noted the calming effects and enhancement in overall well-being within a few days of taking magnesium regularly Read Review.
Users frequently recommend consistency in taking the supplement, often suggesting it be taken with meals or in the evening for optimal results. Some have felt a significant reduction in fatigue and an improvement in heart rhythm regulation, indicating that benefits can manifest quite quickly Read Review. While individual experiences may differ, it appears that many users can expect to see positive changes in their cardiovascular health within days of initiating magnesium supplementation.
Magnesium supplementation has garnered attention in scientific research for its potential benefits related to cardiovascular disease. Multiple studies indicate that magnesium plays a crucial role in heart health and may reduce mortality rates associated with heart conditions. For instance, high serum magnesium levels have been linked to lower cardiovascular mortality risks in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) [2] and even in individuals with diabetes [3]. These findings suggest that maintaining adequate magnesium levels may be essential in mitigating cardiovascular risks.
Additionally, magnesium's impact extends beyond just serum levels; supplementation has shown promising results, particularly in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) [5]. Supplement users experienced a significant reduction in mortality within 28 days, further supporting magnesium's role in cardiovascular health. While research is still evolving, the current body of evidence suggests a strong link between magnesium levels, heart disease management, and overall cardiovascular outcomes, making it a worthy consideration for anyone looking to support their heart health.
Many users have reported significant improvements in various symptoms after incorporating magnesium supplements into their daily routine, particularly concerning sleep quality, mood enhancement, and energy levels. For instance, one user experienced an immediate calming effect and the disappearance of irritability, leading to boosted concentration and productivity after only the first dose Read Review. Numerous reviews highlight magnesium's role in combating fatigue and improving overall well-being, with some noting enhanced sleep and reduced anxiety when taken consistently, particularly when paired with meals or in the evening Read Review.
In addition to these benefits, users have also reported magnesium's effectiveness in supporting cardiovascular health, regulating heart rhythms, and alleviating symptoms related to overexertion and muscle cramps. For example, one individual noted improvements in headache relief linked to their dystonia, attributing it to magnesium's relaxing properties Read Review. Although results can vary from person to person, the consensus among users is that magnesium supplementation can lead to positive changes in both mental and physical health quite quickly.
Users frequently discuss the benefits of combining magnesium supplements with other supplements or dietary adjustments to enhance cardiovascular health. Many reviews note that taking magnesium, particularly alongside meals, can improve its effectiveness in supporting heart function and alleviating fatigue Read Review. Remarkably, users have reported positive outcomes when magnesium is included as part of a balanced diet, especially for those adhering to specific eating plans like a ketogenic diet, which can help prevent muscle cramps while ensuring cardiovascular support Read Review.
Moreover, users often highlight the importance of consistency in intake, with many recommending that magnesium be taken at certain times, particularly in the evening, to maximize relaxation and the regulation of heart rhythms Read Review. This approach appears to resonate well with users looking to combat symptoms related to overexertion, while simultaneously benefiting their cardiovascular and nervous systems Read Review. Overall, combining magnesium supplementation with a thoughtful dietary regimen seems to be a favorable strategy for many users managing cardiovascular health.
Based on user reviews, there appears to be a consensus on the effectiveness of magnesium for supporting cardiovascular health, with many users suggesting a daily dosage of one tablet or capsule. Users report that this amount sufficiently aids in regulating heart rhythms and lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease. For example, one reviewer mentions, "I only take one tablet daily," highlighting its practicality in daily health routines Read Review. Another user specifies that taking one capsule provides everything needed to protect against cardiovascular issues, reinforcing the idea that a single dose can be adequate Read Review.
Additionally, the timing of the dose seems to play a crucial role in enhancing its effects. Some users recommend taking magnesium in the evening after meals, suggesting that this approach may help with relaxation and improve sleep quality, which indirectly supports cardiovascular health Read Review. Overall, the key takeaway from the reviews is that a daily intake of one magnesium tablet, ideally taken in the evening, is commonly seen as an effective strategy for managing cardiovascular health.
7.5
Improved heart health
43 people found this helpful
I have heart issues, sleep problems, and constant fatigue. This medication helps maintain bone density, regulates my heartbeat, and prevents cardiovascular disease. After the first dose, I slept soundly and felt refreshed. Irritability vanished instantly, boosting my concentration and productivity. I highly recommend it!
7.5
Calms nervous system
Magnesium is crucial for good health, supporting the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Since taking it, my nervous system has calmed down, and I only take one tablet daily. I highly recommend this mineral based on its beneficial effects.
8
Helpful for heart
23 people found this helpful
Magnesium is essential for daily body functions. It regulates heart rhythms, normalises blood pressure, and lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease. I take one tablet at night, which relaxes me and alleviates headaches induced by my dystonia. My friend noticed its benefits as well, appreciating its effectiveness.
7.5
Enhances sleep quality
Magnesium improves the immune and cardiovascular systems. It helps alleviate cramps, enhances sleep, and calms nerves. I recommend taking it in the evening after a meal for the best effect.
8
Supports heart function
3 people found this helpful
One capsule of this magnesium complex offers everything needed daily. It aids muscle function, nerve impulse transmission, and protects against cardiovascular disease. It combats fatigue and depression, and I recommend taking it with meals.
8
Eases muscle cramps
1 people found this helpful
Magnesium is vital for overall health, supporting the cardiovascular and nervous systems. It helps prevent muscle cramps when following a ketogenic diet. It aids relaxation, improves sleep, and combats fatigue due to overexertion.
7.5
Fights fatigue
1 people found this helpful
Magnesium is an essential mineral, primarily found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in transmitting neuromuscular impulses. A deficiency can lead to increased fatigue. It combats seizures and protects the cardiovascular system. I find it extremely helpful and consume it regularly.
8
Magnesium linked to cardiovascular health
Upper normal serum magnesium is associated with a reduction in incident death from fatal heart failure, coronary heart disease and stroke in non-dialysis patients with CKD stages 4 and 5.
We examined how magnesium levels in the blood could influence the risk of death from cardiovascular issues in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our study tracked 1,271 individuals with CKD stages 4 and 5 over a decade, focusing on those who had not previously experienced major heart-related events.
We discovered that higher serum magnesium concentrations were linked to lower risks of dying from conditions like heart failure, coronary heart disease, and stroke. By stratifying patients based on their magnesium levels, we found that those in the highest group experienced significantly better outcomes.
This suggests that maintaining adequate magnesium levels might be important for protecting cardiovascular health in these patients. While it’s just one piece of the puzzle, our findings highlight the potential benefits of magnesium as a factor worth considering in the management of cardiovascular risks.
8
Magnesium linked to heart health
Models based on dietary nutrients predicting all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in people with diabetes.
We explored the connection between dietary magnesium intake and cardiovascular disease, particularly in people living with diabetes. This study analyzed data from a large group of over 5,000 individuals who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey over nearly two decades.
By utilizing advanced statistical methods, researchers identified key dietary factors that could predict long-term mortality risks. Notably, they found that higher intakes of dietary fiber and magnesium were associated with a decreased risk of both all-cause and cardiovascular-related deaths among people with diabetes. The analysis revealed a clear trend: as magnesium intake increased, the risk of cardiovascular mortality decreased.
The study suggests that incorporating more magnesium-rich foods could play a vital role in managing heart health for those with diabetes. By making informed dietary choices, individuals may enhance their longevity and reduce the risk of serious health complications.
8
Magnesium's impact on HFpEF mortality
Propensity score matched cohort study on magnesium supplementation and mortality in critically ill patients with HFpEF.
We explored how magnesium supplementation affects mortality rates in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), a subset of heart failure where treatment options are limited. The study analyzed data from the MIMIC-IV database, focusing on patients from 2008 to 2019. Using a technique called propensity score matching, we aimed to create a balanced comparison between those who received magnesium supplements and those who did not.
Our primary focus was on the 28-day all-cause mortality rate, along with secondary analyses of ICU stays, one-year mortality, and overall hospitalization duration. In total, we evaluated 1,970 patients, splitting them evenly between the magnesium and non-magnesium groups. The outcomes were striking: magnesium intake was associated with a significant reduction in mortality within the first 28 days, particularly benefiting older adults, women, and individuals with hypertension.
While magnesium supplementation showed promise in reducing mortality and also improved longer-term outcomes, we noted that it was linked to longer stays in both ICU and hospital settings. Interestingly, we found that blood urea nitrogen levels may play a role in mediating the relationship between magnesium intake and mortality, suggesting a more complex interaction at play.
This research highlights the potential of magnesium as a valuable treatment for those grappling with HFpEF, especially certain at-risk groups. As we consider these findings, further research is needed to explore magnesium's effects more thoroughly and understand its full implications for patient care.
References
Yu H, Zhou C, Yang S, Yu J, Zhang X, et al. Mitigation of arteriosclerosis through transcriptional regulation of ferroptosis and lipid metabolism by magnesium. Biomaterials. 2025;319:123135. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123135
Moyano-Peregrin C, Rodelo-Haad C, Martín-Malo A, Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Ojeda R, et al. Upper normal serum magnesium is associated with a reduction in incident death from fatal heart failure, coronary heart disease and stroke in non-dialysis patients with CKD stages 4 and 5. Clin Kidney J. 2025;18:sfae390. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfae390
Wang F, Mao Y, Sun J, Yang J, Xiao L, et al. Models based on dietary nutrients predicting all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in people with diabetes. Sci Rep. 2025;15:4600. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-88480-9
Dong H, Lu N, Wang J, Hu P. Serum magnesium, not calcium, is inversely associated with abnormal HbA1c concentrations in adults with coronary artery disease. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2025;34:104. doi:10.6133/apjcn.202502_34(1).0010
Song L, Ying J, Li M, Ying L, Zhao C. Propensity score matched cohort study on magnesium supplementation and mortality in critically ill patients with HFpEF. Sci Rep. 2025;15:1944. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-85931-1
Nielsen FH. The Role of Dietary Magnesium in Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients. 2024;16. doi:10.3390/nu16234223
Sun L, Du J. Magnesium status, serum vitamin D concentration and mortality among congestive heart failure patients: a cohort study from NHANES 2007-2018. Magnes Res. 2024;37:61. doi:10.1684/mrh.2024.0528
Urbanowicz T, Hanć A, Frąckowiak J, Piecek J, Spasenenko I, et al. The Hypothesis of Trace Elements Involvement in the Coronary Arteries Atherosclerotic Plaques' Location. J Clin Med. 2024;13. doi:10.3390/jcm13226933
Cheng Y, Zullo AR, Yin Y, Shao Y, Liu S, et al. Nonprescription Magnesium Supplement Use and Risk of Heart Failure in Patients With Diabetes: A Target Trial Emulation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14:e038870. doi:10.1161/JAHA.124.038870
Shahsavani Z, Masoumi SJ, Barati-Boldaji R, Shamshirgardi E, Kafipour R, et al. Dietary Calcium to Magnesium Ratio and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2025. doi:10.1007/s12011-025-04587-0
Pariona-Vargas F, Mun KT, Lo EH, Starkman S, Sanossian N, et al. Is there diurnal variation in neuroprotective and thrombolytic therapy effect upon acute cerebral ischemia outcome?. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2025;34:108278. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2025.108278
Amer SA, Abo-Elnour DE, Abbas A, Abdelrahman AS, Hamdy HM, et al. Calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D supplementations as complementary therapy for hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2025;25:89. doi:10.1186/s12906-025-04809-x